APA requires that the entire paper be double-spaced, including all the lines in the reference list.

This guide is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. It provides selected citation examples for common kinds of sources. For more descriptive information please consult a print copy associated with the style manual.

For the best printing results for this guide, make use of the printer-friendly PDF format.

Review the Sample paper through the APA, with types of many APA rules.

Keep an eye on your document references/citations and format your reference lists easily with citation management software.

Number all pages consecutively, starting with the title page, in Arabic numerals (e.g., 4, not IV) in the upper corner that is right-handRule 8.03, p. 230).

You’ll want to cite and document any sources if you presented the ideas from these sources in your own words that you have consulted, even. You will need to cite:

  • to determine other people’s ideas and information used within your essay.
  • to inform the reader of one’s paper where they ought to look if they want to get the sources that are same.

A citation must appear in two places in your essay:

  • in your body of one’s text („in-text citations“).
  • In the reference list (at the final end of the paper).

To introduce other folks’s ideas in text, use the following examples:

Richardson argues, relates to, explains, hypothesizes, compares, concludes; As Littlewood and Sherwin demonstrated, proved, . etc.

Spelling: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary print or online may be the spelling that is standard for APA journals and books (Rule 4.12, p. 96).

Reference in text

Capitalize all major words in titles of books and articles in the body for the paper (Rule 4.15, p.101). E.g.

Inside the book Greek Political Thought (2006), Balot argues that. The criticism of this article, „The Politics of Paraliterary Criticism“.

NOTE: In reference lists, however custom writing, capitalize only the word that is first of title and of the subtitle (after a colon or em dash) and proper nouns.

When quoting from print sources or articles that are online provide the author, year, and page number in parentheses (Rule 6.03, pp.170-171). For instance:

Mooney (2000) discovered that . „direct_quotation“ (p. 276). „Direct_quotation“. (Walker, 2000, p. 135).

If the quotation is over 40 words, you must start the quotation on a unique line, indent the quotation about Ѕ an inch, and omit the quotation marks (Rule 6.03, p. 171).

Prince Edward Island is a slice that is curved of from three to thirty-five miles wide and about a hundred and twenty miles long, lying along the southern rim associated with the Gulf of St. Lawrence and separated from the mainland of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia because of the narrow waters of Northumberland Strait.(Ives, 1999, p. 1)

When paraphrasing from a source, or when talking about an basic idea found in another work, you will be encouraged to give a full page number (Rule 6.04 p. 171).

When citing the author that is same times in a paragraph, see Citing Paraphrased operate in APA Style from the APA Style Blog.

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. In this case, use paragraph numbers preceded by the abbreviation ‚para.‘ (Rule 6.05 pp. 171-172). For example:

(Johnson, 2003, para. 5).

If a source contains neither page nor paragraph numbers, cite the heading (shorten the heading if it’s long) (Rule 6.05 pp. 171-172).

If you have no date of publication, use the abbreviation (n.d.).

List two or more works by different authors who will be cited in the same parentheses in alphabetical order by the first authors‘ surnames and place semicolons between them (Rule 6.16 p. 177).

Reference list

In APA, the menu of sources during the end regarding the paper (bibliography) is known as the reference list. The reference list must include all references cited when you look at the text of your paper.

The phrase References should appear near the top of your reference list, plus it should really be centred on the page (Rule 2.11, p. 37).

Order of references into the reference list is alphabetical, by the last name of this first author (Rule 6.25, p. 181) or, if author just isn’t available – by title.

Alphabetize letter by letter. „Nothing precedes something“. ‚Brown, J. R.‘ comes before ‚Browning, A. F.‘.

When it comes to author’s first name use only initials: ‚Smith, J.‘, not ‚Smith, Jennifer‘.

For many functions by the same author cite them in your reference list by year of publication using the earliest first – Smith, A. (1999) . Smith, A. (2002)

Subsequent and second lines of every entry are indented 1/2 inch or 5 spaces. The chosen format should be consistent through the references.

Double-space between all lines of the work, including references.

When citing books (not periodicals), capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle (in other words. the word that is first a colon or a dash) and proper nouns (Rule 6.29, p. 185).

If more than one city of publication is listed in the written book you may be citing, use the first one listed.

When there is no date of publication, utilize the abbreviation (n.d.).